全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2924篇 |
免费 | 172篇 |
国内免费 | 146篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 66篇 |
2022年 | 51篇 |
2021年 | 84篇 |
2020年 | 88篇 |
2019年 | 123篇 |
2018年 | 96篇 |
2017年 | 105篇 |
2016年 | 84篇 |
2015年 | 81篇 |
2014年 | 106篇 |
2013年 | 235篇 |
2012年 | 85篇 |
2011年 | 150篇 |
2010年 | 101篇 |
2009年 | 175篇 |
2008年 | 147篇 |
2007年 | 155篇 |
2006年 | 134篇 |
2005年 | 144篇 |
2004年 | 108篇 |
2003年 | 97篇 |
2002年 | 75篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 51篇 |
1999年 | 55篇 |
1998年 | 52篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 37篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 37篇 |
1991年 | 39篇 |
1990年 | 22篇 |
1989年 | 22篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 20篇 |
1984年 | 22篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 18篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 20篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有3242条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
Actively growing potted apple trees ( Malus domestica [L.] Borkh. ev. Delicious) unacclimated to drought stress were subjected to drought to determine changes in emissions of leaf volatile compounds. Drought stress was imposed over a 2-week period by weighing pots every 2 or 3 days and adding water hack to an arbitrary and decreasing traction of the original pot weight. Stem water potential was -2.7. -2.0 and -0.8 MPa for the severely stressed, moderately stressed and control trees, respectively. 13 days alter watering treatments were begun. Water use the last 4 days of the experiment was about one-half for the moderately and severely stressed trees compared to that of the controls Twenty-nine volatile compounds were identified by using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Emission rates of hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexenol, hexyl acetate and (E)-2-hexenyl acetate were 5 to 310 times higher for severely stressed trees compared to those of the controls with the moderately stressed trees intermediate. The large increases in hexanal. (E)-2-hexenal and l-hexanol may be related. In enhanced lipoxygenase activity. Volatile compounds are products of metabolism and measurement of their changes after biotic or abiotic stresses will increase understanding of the relationship of changes in plant metabolism by those stresses. 相似文献
62.
M. A. C. Demeulemeester W. Rademacher A. Van de Mierop M. P. De Proft 《Plant Growth Regulation》1995,17(1):47-52
Root explants of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) were cultured in vitro under continuous light or darkness. On a standard medium (no plant growth regulators added), flowering-stems were initiated under continuous light while under continuous dark, vegetative-stems were formed. Different types of GA (gibberellin) biosynthesis inhibitors were added to the culture medium. Paclobutrazol and compounds belonging to the group of cyclohexanetriones clearly reduced flowering-stem growth under light conditions and vegetative-stem growth under dark conditions. Under light conditions, flower bud initiation was not affected. These and other results suggest that GA1 may be synthesized during the in vitro culture period and that it controls flowering-stem growth but not floral initiation.Abbreviations CCC
chlormequat chloride
- GA
gibberellin
- LAB 198 999
3,5-dioxo-4-butyryl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester
- BAS 111..W
1-phenoxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexane 相似文献
63.
Christian Bonhomme Jocelyne Maquet Jacques Livage Gino Mariotto 《Inorganica chimica acta》1995,230(1-2):85-95
Seven new mono- and/or dimercurated compounds involving acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) or ethyl acetoacetate (3-ethyl ketobutanoate) were synthesized in aqueous medium. In all cases, mercuration occurred at methylene carbon atoms. All compounds were carefully analyzed by solid state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Assignments were confirmed by using selective sequences, which allowed a total editing of the spectra. It was shown that deshielding of 13C mercurated sites occurred when the rate of mercuration increased. It was also possible to measure direct 1J(199Hg13C) coupling constants. The main bands of the vibrational spectra (infrared and Raman) were assigned. It was proved that v(C = O) and δ(C(γ)-H) could be directly related to the mercuration rate of molecules. 相似文献
64.
Jonas Krber Itka Bkouche-Waksman Claudine Pascard Martina Thomann Olivier Kahn 《Inorganica chimica acta》1995,230(1-2):159-163
ZnCl2 reacts with 1,2,4-1H-triazole to afford Zn(trz)Cl. A spontaneous deprotonation of Htrz occurs. The crystal structure of Zn(trz)Cl has been solved. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/n. The lattice parameters are a = 8.863(4), B = 9.762(4), C = 6.146(3) Å, β = 99.56(10)°, with Z = 4. The 1,2,4-triazolato bridges three zinc atoms through its three nitrogen atoms, affording a layered structure. The zinc atom is in an N3Cl tetrahedral coordination. The layers are not planar, but rather corrugated. The chlorine atoms point to either side of the layers, and play the role of spacers. The shortest interlayer ZnZn separation is 5.701 Å. 相似文献
65.
It is widely held that there was a phosphate compound in prebiotic chemistry that played the role of adenosine triphosphate and that the first living organisms had ribose-phosphate in the backbone of their genetic material. However, there are no known efficient prebiotic synthesis of high-energy phosphates or phosphate esters. We review the occurrence of phosphates in Nature, the efficiency of the volcanic synthesis of P4O10, the efficiency of polyphosphate synthesis by heating phosphate minerals under geological conditions, and the use of high-energy organic compounds such as cyanamide or hydrogen cyanide. These are shown to be inefficient processes especially when the hydrolysis of the polyphosphates is taken into account. For example, if a whole atmosphere of methane or carbon monoxide were converted to cyanide which somehow synthesized polyphosphates quantitatively, the polyphosphate concentration in the ocean would still have been insignificant. We also attempted to find more efficient high-energy polymerizing agents by spark discharge syntheses, but without success. There may still be undiscovered robust prebiotic syntheses of polyphosphates, or mechanisms for concentrating them, but we conclude that phosphate esters may not have been constituents of the first genetic material. Phosphoanhydrides are also unlikely as prebiotic energy sources.
Correspondence to: S.L. Miller 相似文献
66.
Mordechai Manoach Dalia Varon Mordechai Erez 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1995,147(1-2):181-185
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is one of the most life threatening events. Although in humans VF is generally sustained (SVF) requiring artificial defibrillation, in various mammals and in some cases in humans VF terminates by itself, reverting spontaneously into sinus rhythm. Since VF is one of the main causes of sudden death, one of the important clinical problems today is if and how we can transform the fatal SVF into a self limited transient one (TVF).From electrophysiological studies carried out on anaesthetized open chest animals, we have found that TVF requires a high degree of intercellular coupling and synchronization.Cardiac myocytes are electrically coupled with adjacent cells. The intercellular coupling is a focus of low electrical resistance which allows rapid transmission of electrical impulses between cells. Any decrease in intercellular coupling decreases the ability of the heart for self defibrillation. The cell-to-cell coupling decreases with age, ischemia, VF and variations in physiological conditions probably due to an increase in intercellular resistance (Ri), widening in the internexal gaps, decrease in electrotonic space constant () etc. All of these factors are known to be affected by intracellular concentration of free Ca++ ([Ca++]).On the basis of studies carried out on various mammals at different ages, we hypothesized that the ability of the heart to defibrillate depends on the cardiac catecholamine level [CA], during VF. This hypothesis is supported by the facts, known from the literature, that increase in [CA] decreases intracellular free Ca++ concentration, decreases Ri and increases . By these effects, increase in [CA] enhances intercellular coupling and intercellular synchronization, and thereby, according to our hypothesis, leads to spontaneous ventricular defibrillation — TVF.During VF the sympathetic activity is enhanced but in some cases the [CA] does not reach the level needed for TVF. In order to help the heart in its effort to elevate the [CA] during VF, we proposed to treat these cases with drugs which inhibit the reuptake of [CA]. The facts that administration of [CA] reuptake inhibitors, before the induction of VF, and/or intracoronary infusion of adrenaline, during VF, transforms SVF into TVF, emphasized the validity of our hypothesis. 相似文献
67.
The effect of different vanadium compounds on proliferation and differentiation was examined in osteoblast-like UMR106 cells. Vanadate increased the cell growth in a biphasic manner, the higher doses inhibiting cell progression. Vanadyl stimulated cell proliferation in a dose-responsive manner. Similar to vanadate, pervanadate increased osteoblast-like cell proliferation in a biphasic manner but no inhibition of growth was observed. Vanadyl and pervanadate were stronger stimulators of cell growth than vanadate. Only vanadate was able to regulate the cell differentiation as measured by cell alkaline phosphatase activity. These results suggest that vanadium derivatives behave like growth factors on osteoblast-like cells and are potential pharmacological tools in the control of cell growth. 相似文献
68.
Effects of cadmium,copper, and zinc on growth and thiol content of aquatic hyphomycetes 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
The effects of cadmium, copper, and zinc on the growth of ten strains ofaquatic hyphomycetes were investigated. On a solid medium, Cd and Cu reducedradial growth of most strains by 50% at concentrations between150–400 µM; in a liquid medium, the strains were more sensitive.The inhibitory effects of zinc were much less severe. Two isolates(Articulospora tetracladia and Tetracladium marchalianum) from a copper-minestream were more resistant against copper than conspecific strains from anon-polluted stream. Heliscus lugdunensis and Varicosporium elodeaeresponded to Cd exposure, but not to Cu or Zn exposure, by increasedsynthesis of SH-containing compounds. Glutathione levels showed a unimodalresponse to increasing Cd and Zn exposure. With copper, glutathionedecreased at intermediate levels of contamination. In the presence of Cd, H. lugdunensis synthesized several unknown sulfur-rich substances that wereabsent or produced at reduced rates in control cultures. 相似文献
69.
Frieder Schauer Kirsten Henning Helmut Pscheidl Rolf M. Wittich Peter Fortnagel Heinz Wilkes Volker Sinnwell Wittko Francke 《Biodegradation》1995,6(2):173-180
Trichosporon beigelii SBUG 752 was able to transform diphenyl ether. By TLC, HPLC, GC, GC-MS, NMR- and UV-spectroscopy, several oxidation products were identified. The primary attack was initiated by a monooxygenation step, resulting in the formation of 4-hydroxydiphenyl ether, 2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and 3-hydroxydiphenyl ether (48:47:5). Further oxidation led to 3,4-dihydroxydiphenyl ether. As a characteristic product resulting from the cleavage of an aromatic ring, the lactone of 2-hydroxy-4-phenoxymuconic acid was identified. The possible mechanism of ring cleavage to yield this metabolite is discussed. 相似文献
70.
Transport of mercury compounds across bimolecular lipid membranes: effect of lipid composition, pH and chloride concentration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
E Bienvenue A Boudou J P Desmazes C Gavach D Georgescauld J Sandeaux P Seta 《Chemico-biological interactions》1984,48(1):91-101
The use of bimolecular lipid membranes (BLM) as model membrane allows the analysis of the transport of mercury compounds across the lipidic barriers of biological membranes. The results of flux measurements show that two mercury compounds--HgCl2 and CH3HgCl--cross the BLM but the overall permeabilities are dependent on the pH of the aqueous media, and are not apparently influenced by the different phospholipid constituents of the bilayers. On the other hand, electrical measurements show that, function of the chemical speciation, the transport of this metal is done essentially in the neutral form. 相似文献